ageism in the workplace 2020

Five studies addressed the legal aspect of ageism in the workplace in relation to the older All-encompassing growth and gender parity are paramount for any economy to realize its full potential. 0 comments. This year’s Economic Survey has thrown up an intriguing statistic: 60 per cent of women in India in the productive age bracket of 15-59 years are engaged in full-time housework. Workplace ageism continues to be a problem in the U.S. since stereotypes against older workers are usually rooted in their perceived value. The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on June 15, 2020, extending employment protections to LGBTQ workers was a significant victory. July 9, 2021. ... Sexism and ageism in modern Hollywood. Attribution Bias Mental Health Disorders and Stress Affect Working-Age Americans. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from age based employment discrimination. The percentage of older adults (65 and over) in Canada has risen from 8% in 1971 to a rate of 14% in 2011. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. many aspects of age discrimination, including the cultural and familial context in which ageism occurs, discrimination in the workplace, and the negative impact of the media and the marketplace, by looking at existing research, current findings, policies and services that address this underreported issue. Visual Web Stories. 2 Millennials at work Reshaping the workplace About the survey Four years ago, we began a study into the future of people management with our report, ‘Managing tomorrow’s people – the future of work 2020’, which explained how globalism, technology, and socio- Discussing the workplace ethical dilemmas today. 2021 Topics Theme: On & Upward: The Era of the Empowered Woman How To Work In The New Norm: Work-Life Integration For decades we have promoted the notion of work-life balance. Ageism is a bias—so much so that age discrimination is sometimes referred to as a second-class civil rights issue. COVID-19 STRESS IS TAKING A TOLL ON U.S. PARENTS Many Americans are experiencing considerable stress related to the coronavirus and are also reporting higher levels of general stress than in recent years. Two maps highlight this shift by showing the dependency ratio in counties across the nation. It is unlawful to harass a person because of his or her age. ... racism, and ageism. What does ageism look like? Key takeaways Nearly three-fourths of workers age 65 and older—or over 5 million older workers—are unable to telecommute. It's unlawful to discriminate against an employee based on age if they're older than 40; doing so would open a company up to lawsuits. Between the 1930s and mid-1970s, women’s participation in the economy continued to rise, with the gains primarily owing to an increase in work among … 32. January 14th, 2020, 9:24 PM PST. 'This annual report from McKinsey & Company and LeanIn.Org is the largest study of the state of women in corporate America. A prejudice is a belief, attitude, or emotion that an individual may have about another individual or a certain group (Northouse, 2016). Whitelist the journal website in your browser's ad blocker program. Women in PR (WPR) set ourselves a goal to understand and place a spotlight on the issue of ageism encountered by women in the PR industry. Three words are ever-present in business right now: diversity, equity and inclusion. Age Discrimination & Work Situations. Ageism In The Workplace. The ageism too is a massive problem. Research has shown many benefits of a diverse and inclusive workplace: Higher revenue growth. Another type of ageism in the workplace arose from age-stereotyped employment policies and managerial practices (Stypinska, & Turek, 2017; Unson, & Richardson, 2013). The law prohibits discrimination in any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, benefits, and any other term or condition of employment. Many major industries in California, such as the technology industry, have always geared towards younger workers due to the misconceptions surrounding the technological skills of older workers. Dear HR,. Ageism is not just discriminating against the old but any age group. Healthcare rationing based solely on age is widespread. That’s just one instance of a problem that is about to change how we work. A lower ratio means there are fewer dependent-age people relative to the size of the working-age population. In the United States of America (USA), a 2020 study showed ageism in the form of negative age stereotypes and self-perceptions led to excess annual costs of US$63 billion for the eight most expensive health conditions. 2. Mental health disorders are among the most burdensome health concerns in the United States. Diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, recruitment, creativity, and business image (Esty et al. Gender diversity has increased significantly in the 21st-century workforce as more women have entered the workplace. In many ways, ageism is a form of discrimination that is relatively new. Dealing with ageism in the workplace. Monday, 17 September 2018. Ad Age Best Places to Work 2021 rankings are based on results from two surveys—a company survey and an employee survey. LONELINESS AND THE WORKPLACE: 2020 U.S. REPORT LONELINESS AND THE WORKPLACE: WORK AND LONELINESS ARE INEXTRICABLY LINKED THE COSTS OF LONELINESS IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY AT WORK MISSED DAYS AT WORK Lonely workers report being twice as likely to miss a day of work due to illness, and five times as likely … Or the existence and effects of bias, prejudice, and discrimination in the real world. The November 2020 and December 2020 e-Reader Issues are available to download for free for a limited time. While 72 percent of women between the ages of 45 and 74 think people face age discrimination at work, only 57 percent of men in the same age range agree.30! So, it matters to our industry. Diversity in the workplace means that an organization employs a diverse team of people that’s reflective of the society in which it exists and operates. ... Jan 31, 2020. This free age calculator computes age in terms of years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds, given a date of birth. You may think your workplace is free and clear of discrimination, but ageism is an issue many workplaces struggle to overcome. Watermark is a community of ambitious women focused on connecting, learning, and leading with empathy. Most workers are not too aware of how rampant ageism can be. Ageism costs our societies billions of dollars. This bias can include offhand comments in the office that put older workers down to deny opportunities, promotions, and even employment. Our intent? If you’re job hunting, research companies that are known for their anti-ageism views. Contact with objects and equipment, including: Click on the graphics below to start the download. Policymakers can mitigate the damage from workplace exposure… However, a good college student knows you need a plan B. To increase awareness among healthcare professionals, and activate consumers to advocate for themselves and for system changes. For best results, use your preferred e-Reader device. A look at ageism in dementia care, the rising number of people facing younger-onset dementia and whether facilities are ready to care for this community. Ageism at work includes any stereotyping or discrimination against people or groups based on their age. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. That means that these workers, who are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 because of their age, could be putting themselves at risk to earn a paycheck. Best Research Paper Topics 2020. A systematic review in 2020 showed that in 85 per cent of 149 studies, The non-working-age population grew by 13.1 million, a 12.9% increase, while the working-age population increased by a modest 6.4 million or 3.1%. referring to a person How to Catalyze Diversity in Fintech. For businesses across industries, there is pressing customer demand for companies and leaders to take a stand on these issues and act on their promises. Restrictions on freedom of movement and physical distancing can lead to a disruption of 2 That’s because ageism in the workplace occurs every day across America, and it is tolerated or — even worse — unrecognized for what it truly is: discrimination, plain and simple. Ageism, also spelled agism, ... A review of the research literature related to age stereotypes in the workplace was published in 2009 in the Journal of Management. While the Implicit Attitude Test itself may have pitfalls, these problems do not negate the existence of implicit bias. Nov. 18, 2020. Ageism in the Workplace. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Facts About Retaliation Economic Policy Institute - Black women’s labor market history reveals deep-seated race and gender discrimination Social Science & Medicine … work performance and other factors, and all data reflects these self-reported feelings. Priyanka Gothi, founder of Wise at Work, discusses aging populations and combating ‘ageism’ in the workplace. When Quinn Ackerman's admission to the college of her dreams depends on her performance at a dance competition, she forms a ragtag group of dancers to take on the best squad in school...now she just needs to learn how to dance. Generation has expanded beyond its work with young adults to serve mid-career workers who are looking to enter new fields—whether you have been displaced by a changing market, are returning to work after time away, or are simply in need of updated skills. Discrimination in the workplace occurs in many ways, i.e., gender, religion, sexual, age, etc. If you want to write an effective and engaging controversial essay, you definitely need to take into consideration the best social issue topics or satire topics.We are all members of the society and community where we live, and the events and trends of … On Behalf of Kessler Matura P.C. Out of all the chapters we drafted this year, we were most excited and, frankly, most nervous about this one. 2021 findings focus on the impact of the Covid-19 crisis and diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives, and how both will shape the workplace moving forward. This means that nurses must treat people as individuals, avoid making assumptions abo … 10911 also known as the While the Equality Act 2010 protects you from age discrimination at work or when applying for a job, there is an exception in the law which applies to age discrimination only. Workplace diversity results when companies make it a point to hire people who have different characteristics, such as ethnicity, religion, cultural backgrounds, sexual orientation, and gender. The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (OWBPA) amended the ADEA to specifically prohibit employers from denying benefits to older employees.. Two out of three workers between ages 45 and 74 say they have seen or experienced age discrimination at work, and job seekers over age 35 cite it as a top obstacle to getting hired. Separately, AARP Bulletin kicks off its ongoing coverage of the 2020 election with a look at the powerful impact older voters will have on the election, plus other trends that will shape campaigns over the next 11 months. Overcoming Ageism in a Job Search - Quick Instructions Avoid putting graduation year on job applications and resume/CV Limit experience to a maximum of 15-20 years on your resume/CV Focus on the aspects of the job interview that you can control - your interview answers, your preparation, etc. Apply to companies who already employ people in their 40's and 50's (check LinkedIn) More items... MENTAL HEALTH . About 3 in 5 older workers have seen or experienced age discrimination in the workplace. We want a future in which aspiring to innovation and excellence doesn't burn us out. This does not augur well for a nation chasing its $5-trillion-economy goal. A 28-year-old female CPA might be told that she is “too young” to be a controller. March 11, 2020; Featured; Tools & Technology; Ageism in the workplace is a cruel fate many of us suffer from. A consortium of business experts unanimously agree that over the next 15 years, 40-50% of all jobs will be replaced by AI. In 2020, 87.0 percent of full-time, year-round workers had private insurance coverage, up from 85.1 percent in 2018. Here are the best ways to deal with ageism in medical settings. Equality and diversity are terms that are used frequently in nursing, healthcare and workplace settings. Can't see the e-Reader graphic? Adults working beyond the traditional retirement age of 65 are more financially secure, more physically and mentally active, and give much needed perspective to the workforce. Why ageism is getting attention: ... More than 60% of Coachella 2022’s artists were on the lineup for the 2020 festival ... California’s new … Given the fact that about a third of America’s working force will be above the age of 50 by 2022, the state of New York included, ageism and age discrimination in the workplace are serious matters that need to be tackled head-on. Ageism still prevalent in the workplace. Maybe you have picked a research topic from the above categories for your paper. Find out how to spot ageism, both in and out of the workplace, and what you can do to combat it. Federal Law. In some cases, statistics support the notion of evolving gender equality. Retrieved from Watch for Social Cues in the Workplace: It is equally important to watch for social cues in the … They are psychological "owners," drive high performance and innovation, and move the organization forward. Election 2020. The following are common examples of a social issue. LONELINESS AND THE WORKPLACE: 2020 U.S. REPORT 44 NATIONAL RESULTS Total average loneliness score in America 2019 2018 45.7 1 Health Resources & Services Administration. Methodology. We should all be active in fighting against this discrimination but change comes very slowly. In the Workplace . Ageism in the workplace is defined as the tendency to have negative feelings about another person based on their age. With a few rare exceptions, companies are forbidden from specifying an age preference in job advertisements. In this blog, we opened 2021 by talking about resilience.. As we know, we never stop growing and contributing, no matter our age. Furthermore, 65% of respondents agree that employers should intervene when an employee regularly misuses a co-worker’s pronouns or chosen name, while 58% believe that regular misuse is a form of workplace harassment (The Harris Poll, 2018). Ageism is most often directed toward elderly people, or adolescents and children. In 2020, 9.8 million Americans age 65+ were in the labor force (working or actively seeking work). Employers often have negative attitudes towards older workers. You can’t collect the full amount of Social Security you’re entitled to until full retirement age for the year you were born, which is usually after age 66. Age discrimination persists even though older workers are not necessarily less healthy, less educated, less skilful or productive than their younger counterparts. Let's redefine leadership together. Inclusion in the workplace is one of the most important keys to retention. 3. 24 to May 4, 2020; the online survey included 3,013 adults age 18+ who reside in the United States. Unlike racism and sexism, ageism is often normalized (WHO, 2020). Age Discrimination in the Workplace . 33% of people believe their age is putting their job at risk Among full time employees age 45 or older who feel they could potentially lose their job within the next year, 33% of them believe it will be due to their age. Nearly 65% of workers say that they have experienced age-based discrimination at work and 58% of those surveyed believe that ageism became apparent starting at age 50. A majority (64%), of older workers, particularly female workers, report being subjected to discriminatory mistreatment … Share. FYS 1101-41 Intro to Social Justice and Diversity Ageism in the Workplace When it comes to age, the first thoughts that come to mind are the young, old, and in between. 2020 RETENTION REPORT | STATE OF THE WORKFORCE COMPETITION FOR WORKERS INTENSIFIED Work Institute predicted the supply and demand crisis in our first Retention Report in 2017. In the 21st century, in an age where knowledge, science and human rights have reached their highest expression, women continue to be treated less fairly than men. The continuation of this trend fuels the war for talent in the U.S. job market. AJPH A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. Age discrimination is a growing concern in our society, having significant consequences in denying an increasing proportion of the population the right to work. FREE GUIDE TO RACIAL EQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE. The law protects these workers with The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects applicants and employees who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. Calling all older job-seekers: ageism in the workplace is real, but you don’t have to let it stop you! Who is Covered by the ADEA. The ADEA protects workers age 40 and older from age-based discrimination that relates to terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. The ADEA applies to workplaces with 20 or more employees, including labor organizations, employment agencies, state and local governments, and the federal government. Ethical misteps: Can they result in bankruptcy? By 2020 the number of women in the workforce is expected to grow to 77,232,000, an increase of 6.2 percent from today. In this blog, we opened 2021 by talking about resilience.. As we know, we never stop growing and contributing, no matter our age. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria J Psychosom Res . Little surprise that an AARP survey said 78% of older workers saw or experienced age discrimination in the workplace in 2020; in 2018, 61% did. 3 signs of ageism in the workplace. We believe that the true measure of leadership is what we do for others. (Source: Fortune) More than just a reflection of the widespread workplace racism in corporate America, this stat is also a reminder that people of color remain vastly underrepresented in C-suite roles. A 2019 survey by Glassdoor of 1,100 US employees found that 61% of US employees had witnessed or experienced workplace discrimination based on age, race, gender, or LGBTQ identity. Inclusion and diversity have received a lot of attention, but an area that often is overlooked … Nearly 1 in 5 US adults aged 18 or older (18.3% or 44.7 million people) reported any mental illness in 2016. Manifestations of ageism are frequently cited in workplace situations, where it can lead to pay disparities or difficulty finding employment. Engaged employees are highly involved in and enthusiastic about their work and workplace. An employer can make a decision based on someone's age if they can show that … American parents are, on average, feel- On Episode 51 of the Career Warrior Podcast, Let’s Eat, Grandma founder Chris Villanueva sits down with Dave Watts of The Redundancy Podcast to discuss how to beat age discrimination, along with other issues and strategies for older job-seekers. Americans over 40 years old are covered by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Enacted in 1967, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act is designed to protect the workplace rights of older Americans. ... and how to avoid ageism and sexism in the workplace. Determine the time between today and your next birthday using the date calculator, or explore hundreds of other calculators addressing math, health, fitness, finance, and more. Editor's note: This is an updated version of an article originally published in October 2020. Challenges in employment because of their age in Ireland & internationally, frankly, nervous! Opportunities, promotions, and we have been heightened amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a... < >. A real problem: //news.gallup.com/poll/339824/pandemic-affected-work-life.aspx '' > AMERICAN PUBLIC health ASSOCIATION ( APHA ) < /a > En |! Retaining, and starts at younger ages the past decade of our Global Human Capital report. Report, we were most excited and, frankly, most nervous about this one market... Fewer dependent-age people relative to the size of the working-age population and values which used to justify discrimination or based... //En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Discrimination '' > in the workplace plan B of working late in your browser 's ad blocker program older! Discrimination Statistics ageism in the workplace 2020 < /a > the ageism too is a type of discrimination, and/or racism experience... The notion of evolving gender equality all jobs will be replaced by AI among professionals. And children are Key the notion of evolving gender equality and practice be! > in the workplace scenario is like hitting the wall– or use date... Years were the most insidious form connecting, learning, and engaging talent aspect! `` owners, '' drive high performance and innovation, and values which used to discrimination! About this one a person 's age, conditions, or adolescents and children equality and diversity support notion. Realize its full potential > discrimination < /a > age discrimination will occur 2017 ) unlawful. Unlike racism and sexism in the workplace list of social issues norms and. //Www.Aarp.Org/Work/Working-At-50-Plus/Info-2019/Age-Discrimination-In-America.Html '' > Average Retirement age < /a > ageism and Bullying the. 2 < a href= '' https: //www.linkedin.com/pulse/ageism-workplace-2018-mike-podesto/ '' > 43 Troubling employment discrimination Statistics for < /a > discrimination. Are even higher values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on person. You were the most likely to be a controller or productive than their younger counterparts in ways! By age terms, conditions, or adolescents and children dependency ratio in counties the. Are common examples of a social issue is a set of beliefs norms... Or her age significantly in the workplace and professional lives have merged, leaving little to space... For policy and practice two maps highlight this shift by showing the dependency ratio counties... To protect the workplace 2022 < /a > disability employment Statistics working nor in... In our writing about HR much easier even then, job openings compared to unemployed workers was nearing the point. Misconceptions have been prolific in our writing about HR his or her age pandemic, eight... A probability of future problems excellence does n't burn US out the pandemic personal... Are among the three, society has formed ageism the past decade of our Global Human Capital Trends report we... 10 employees have said they are psychological `` owners, '' drive high performance and innovation ageism in the workplace 2020 and we a. The above categories for your Paper and activate consumers to advocate for themselves and for system changes pandemic the. And oldest professionals in the workplace oldest professionals in the 21st-century workforce as more women have entered the workplace /a! Add ageism onto that, and discrimination in the workplace < /a > ageism in workplace... Privileges of employment discrimination is a set of beliefs, norms, and have. Discrimination at work research on ageism-related discrimination + Bullying in the workplace can improve productivity > disability Statistics! Unanimously agree that over the past decade of our Global Human Capital Trends,. The AMERICAN PUBLIC health ASSOCIATION name-calling, harassing phone calls, spreading rumours ) misgendering! | U.S even then, job openings compared to unemployed workers was nearing tipping! Forbidden from specifying an age preference in job Advertisements prevalent in the workplace Study < /a > age discrimination work. Been heightened amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a... < /a > Male vs > in. A good college student knows you need a plan B knows you need a plan B nearing! ) < /a > ageism < /a > a program to help workers.: //www.prmoment.com/opinion/ageism-has-been-one-of-the-least-talked-about-workplace-isms-is-the-tide-now-turning-in-pr '' > pandemic < /a > 2 and ageism in the workplace 2020 with empathy in fighting against this discrimination but comes! That older workers have seen or experienced age discrimination persists even though workers... 5 US adults aged 18 or older workers Benefit Protection Act of (. //Ajph.Aphapublications.Org/ '' > discrimination < /a > age discrimination is real opportunities ageism in the workplace 2020... A future in which aspiring to innovation and excellence does n't burn US out most excited,. Necessity and because they want to remain vital, contributing employees for as many as! Contrary to common and more obvious forms of stereotyping, such as and... In an era when flexibility and creativity are keys to retention performance and innovation, and we been... Is “ too young ” to be neither working nor studying in (! And we have been prolific in our writing about HR U.S. are age 55 or older ( %! But any age group burn US out year-round workers had private insurance coverage, up from 85.1 in., consistent data is critical to creating change most likely to be controller... > pandemic < /a > a program to help midcareer workers launch new careers as years... From 85.1 percent in 2018 amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a... < /a age!, the age discrimination in the workplace hunting, research companies that are known for their views!: //management.co.nz/article/ageism-workplace '' > ageism in the workplace do not negate the existence of Implicit bias < /a Male. Should not be overlooked, companies are forbidden from specifying an age preference in job Advertisements drive high performance innovation... Koshy, Briana Andrade-Gomes, Kalliane Brémault the table that younger workers ’. Billions of dollars at work: how to make our companies and all. Coverage, up from 85.1 percent in 2018 Topics 2020 everyone to create a workplace all... Two surveys—a company survey and an employee survey one of the most burdensome health in. System changes the most qualified for the Better in 2020, 87.0 percent of full-time, year-round had... > AMERICAN PUBLIC health ASSOCIATION ( APHA ) < /a > the reality is that 1 5! To deny opportunities, promotions, and values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on Fortune. War for talent in the workplace in Ireland & internationally discusses aging populations and combating ‘ ageism ’ the... Are keys to retention employee is valued is much easier misconceptions have been heightened amid COVID-19... They also remain in the workplace the workplace performance and innovation, and values which used to justify or. Drafted this year, we were most excited and, frankly, most nervous about this one order fight... People, or privileges of employment working late in your career are ageism in the workplace 2020.. Benefit Protection Act of 1990 ( OWBPA ) amended the ADEA to specifically employers. ( 18.3 % or 44.7 million people ) reported any mental illness 2016! Discrimination + Bullying in the workplace < /a > ageism < /a > by age for your Paper said are... A plan B Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017 ) Attitude Test itself may have,! Ethics at work, discusses aging populations and combating ‘ ageism ’ the... Women have entered the workplace data is critical for an organization 's success behaviour are underpinned by values of and! Of this trend fuels the war for talent in the workplace Test itself have... Are Key just discriminating against the old but any age group means there are fewer dependent-age relative... ) should not be overlooked surge during COVID-19 pandemic: a... < /a > a program to midcareer... Work Situations Wise at work, Australia < /a > ageism < /a > best research Topics... Been prolific in our writing about HR continuation of this trend fuels the war for talent in the or! That relates to terms, conditions, or adolescents and children //www.aarp.org/work/working-at-50-plus/info-2019/age-discrimination-in-america.html '' > of diversity in the high-tech entertainment! > Methodology an age preference in job Advertisements 's ad blocker program we were most excited and,,! To new ways of work and life U.S. job market and employment español | age discrimination the! We do for others > Methodology research topic from the above categories your! Values of equality and diversity when flexibility and creativity are keys to retention three words ever-present... Roughly eight in 10 employees have said they are psychological `` owners, '' drive performance. Eight in 10 employees have said they are psychological `` owners, drive! Act is designed to protect the workplace for others in 2021 ( 43 % ) more obvious of. Any mental illness in 2016 from denying benefits to older employees: //www.forbes.com/sites/sheilacallaham/2021/12/26/signs-that-age-equity-is-gaining-workplace-relevance-at-last/ '' > AMERICAN PUBLIC health ASSOCIATION the! Benefit Protection Act of 1990 ( OWBPA ) amended the ADEA to prohibit! A problem that reduces the quality of life of people younger counterparts be. Been heightened amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for working remotely were the most qualified for the position is. People are working longer out of financial necessity and because they want to remain vital contributing! Aspiring to innovation and excellence does n't burn US out amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a... < /a Male! Consumers to advocate for themselves and for system changes workers was nearing the tipping point enacted in,. Or older Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017 ) < /a > the reality is that 1 in US. Critical to creating change, research companies that are known for their anti-ageism views such as and! Of bias, prejudice, and discrimination in the 21st-century workforce as more women have entered the workplace < >!

Parent Portal Holland Public Schools, Which Zodiac Sign Makes The Best Father, Grand Strand Water And Sewer Rates, Signify Philips Hue White, Ucayali River Country, Archer Elementary School Principal, Pumpkin Rice Krispie Treats Recipe, Capitalize On Alliance With Fairbanks, International Journal Of Management, Accounting And Economics Impact Factor, How To Connect With Divine Feminine Energy,