ecological theory of disease causation

The ecosocial theory of disease distribution, which I first proposed in 1994 and have developed since [3††, 5, 9-11, . Germ theory 4. disease can be simply explained as dis at ease or ill health some describe it as disturbance in equilibrium between man and his total environment. infectious diseases in his theory of dependent happenings or events, in which the frequency of the event depends on the . OR According to ecological point of view, " disease is a maladjustment of the human organism to the environment" 5. It will be important to identify unique combinations of genetic and environmental variables that lead to mental illness, irrespective of whether the biological . Etiology is the science of causation. Theory of Epidemiological Triad. The key challenge for data analysts will be to embrace the complexity of causation while retaining the capacity to trace specific causal mechanisms. A web of causation model is a diagram that is created to link causes and effects. •Theory of Disease causation -Supernatural theory: sin against God -Spontanous generation -Humors -Miasma -Germ: agent=sole cause of disease -Epidemiological triad: agent, host and environment •Multi-factorial causation -Disease is due to multiple factors contrary to the idea of germ theory -Applied more to NCDs-risk factors Attorney General Mike Broomberg asks you if you think that watching television is "a cause" of early smoking initiation. Disease causation was a very contested terrain, and Casimir Davaine seems to be the only investigator who contributed significantly to both parasitology and bacteriology. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. Manifestations of both arteriosclerosis 1) 2) and cardiac disease 3) can be observed in mummies of ancient Egypt. These are agent, host and environment. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify main differences and similarities of SEM and TTI regarding screening and vaccination in order to prepare potentially successful prevention programs for practice. a case study of dengue in dhaka, bangladesh a journey from germ theory to multiple causation a search for the underlying driver - the unseen 'spider' of disease in population societal factors matter: role of psychosocial variables and social structure disciplinary, multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary lenses: towards the integration of . ii. The origins of the ecological perspective date back as far as 1848 when Rudolf Virchow, the father of modern pathology, identifi ed socio-economic factors such as poverty as key factors in the development of disease, disability and death. The triad consists of an external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought together, causing the disease to occur in the host. result exacerbates their health conditions. 3. Psychological concept - 4. Naturalistic theories of disease causation tend to view health as a state of harmony between a human being and his or her environment; when this balance is upset, illness will result. The theory theory therefore offers a way of choosing among equally high frequencies and of deciding which correlations are causally mean-ingful (e.g., Murphy & Medin, 1985). Poison in the ground was perhaps a slightly later idea. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. The Epidemiological Triad The best known, but most dated model of communicable disease is the Epidemiologic Triad (Figure 1). By observing the course of the disease, he concluded that The web of causation emphasises proximate determinants of disease amenable to intervention through individual level health care but taking into account larger social networks (see . During this period the disease was thought to be Caused by the divine power as punishment for sins as bad deeds or considered as fate. It was interpreted as a punishment by God for sinful behavior or the result of an imbalance in body elements. These criteria were originally presented by Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991), a British medical statistician, as a way of determining the causal link between a specific factor (e.g., cigarette smoking) and a disease (such as emphysema or lung cancer). The humoral system is a naturalistic approach to illness whose roots are over two thousand years old. 2002. This is used most often to link the causes of illnesses and diseases. The web of causation offers a useful way forward in understanding aetiology and linking social determinants and social factors and biomedical aetiological factors. Theories and Models are as follows: 1. 1 - 3 Grappling with notions of causation, in turn, raises not only complex philosophical . Ecological system theory was introduced by American psychologist, Urie Bronfenbrenner. e) Theory of spontaneous generation. In epidemiologic theory, the ideal method of establishing causality, called the "counterfactual" definition ( Lewis 1973; Rubin 1974 ), involves theoretical backward time-travel to remove a causal factor and demonstrate that, in its absence, the effect, in this case disease emergence, does not occur. The ecological theory has been useful in understanding that extrinsic factors play major role in disease causation among humans. social change, and a theory of disease causation that is multifactorial and encom-passes social etiology. d) Miasmatic theory of disease. by the Social Ecological Model and the Theory of Triadic Influence: a systematic review Anayawa Nyambe1*, Guido Van Hal2 and Jarl K. Kampen3,4 Abstract Background: Vaccination and screening are forms of primary and secondary prevention methods. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America - Ecological Society of America. INTRODUCTION. and disease such as unjust power relations and class inequality. Ecological theory often incorporates the effects of food supply on consumer growth and reproduction by a hyperbolic functional response between animal growth and reproductive rates and the density of food. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar; Smith KR, Desai MA. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary idea—one so good it. For example, a web of causation model for a person who contracted measles would include things like places where the person may have contracted this disease, whether or not the person has received a measles vaccine and any health factors that . Noted substance abuse researcher, "William Miller" said in 1993 that the disease model we are now utilizing is inefficient in clarifying or explaining the great amount of problems related to AODA. Here, we outline some of the barriers to advancing our understanding of causation in disease ecology and offer some solutions for investigating large-scale ecological drivers, such as global warming, pollution, and land-use change. [16]. Web of Causation. causes of disease • With in-depth study of a disease and its risk factors, we can often identify the causal factors • Many factors can be associated with a disease but are not causal • Remember: Association Causation 5 Theories of causation Old theories Modern theories germ theory multifactorial causation socioeconomic, cultural, genetic, psychological epidemiological triad (tetrad) web of causation wheel of causation 6First MBBS Epidemiology series 7. 9. This is referred to as a 'numerical response'. Since the 1980s, when key influential models and analyses were disseminated and key dimensions and basic principles underlying the ecological approach were set forth (6, 7, 51, 70, 72, 73), enthusiasm around . 29 Necessary causes A necessary cause is a condition without which the eVect cannot occur. This is because theory helps us structure our ideas, so as to explain causal connections between specified phenomena within and across specified domains by using interrelated sets of ideas whose plausibility can be tested by human action and thought. Epidemiological triad/tetrad 1/4 Agent EnvironmentHost Time 7First MBBS Epidemiology series 8. The contribution of global environmental factors to ill-health. factors for a disease might cause him to reject a set of symptoms as an instance of a disease while another person would accept them as a member of that disease category. In medical anthropology, naturalistic disease theories are those theories, present within a culture, which explain diseases and illnesses in impersonal terms.George Foster explains naturalistic disease theory as following an "equilibrium model" in which health results from ideal balances of well being appropriate to one's age, condition, and environment. 13 Most of the systematic theory building on the ecological theory of disease was only one of many conceptions. This model is also called as ecological model and is involved through the study of infectious diseases. Germ theory of causation In 1860 Louis Pasteur demonstrated presence of bacteria in the air In 1873 he proposed the germ theory of disease 1877 Robert Koch demonstrated that Anthrax was caused by a bacteria But germ theory did not explain everything Presence of germs did not always cause disease All diseases were not caused by germs Modern Medicine 5. how the disease is caused? Causation is through both biologic and group characteristics. Disease ecologists are interested both in the ecological causes of disease patterns (for instance, how the population density of a host influences transmission rates), and the ecological consequences of disease (for instance, how the population dynamics of a host species change as an epidemic progresses). Evidence from a brief survey, a series of interviews and a review of recent literature suggests that a paradigm shift is occurring away from the germ theory of disease causation and towards an ecological theory of the human body. General causation addresses whether a substance is capable of causing a particular injury or condition, while specific causation addresses whether a particular substance caused a specific individual's injury [1, 2]. On the other hand, an ecological study of several communities that related the percentage of vaccinated individuals to disease rates would be unable to dis- Ecological theory 3. It is a model that can assist in providing a complete perspective of the factors that affect specific health behaviors, including the social determinants of health. havioral and biomedical models of disease causation . Supernatural theory of disease 2. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory 6. Miasma, or bad air, was often said to be the cause of epidemics. The difficulty of proving causation in environmental litigation is a significant barrier to recovery of damages [3]. SUPERNATURAL THEORY OF DISEASE In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. This model comprises a susceptible host (the person at risk for the disease ), a disease agent ( the proximate cause ), and an environmental context for the Hills Criteria of Causation outlines the minimal conditions needed to establish a causal relationship between two items. The agent is considered to be the primary factor (e.g. You think back to your Principles of Epidemiology class and recall that epidemiologists have a fairly distinct definition of "cause." Epidemiologic criteria for establishing causation in ecological systems The complex systems studied in epidemiology and ecol-ogy are often remarkably similar, and the methodologies used routinely in each discipline, although rarely inte-grated, are complementary (Anderson 1991). ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE Interactions among humans, other living creatures, plants, animals, micro organisms, ecosystems, and climate, geography, and topography are so complex that despite much study we are . Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Frontiers Ecol Environ 3(1):29-37. These methods are recommended for controlling the spread of a vast number of diseases and conditions. 2. ciated unicausal theory ofdisease causation, infectious organisms became the relevant 'environmental" factors.9 Other aspects of the environment were important insofar as they were conducive to reproduction or transmission ofthe biological "causes" of disease.'0Inthis century, thegrowingimpor-tance ofchronic diseases led to the search for new . Old theory (Up to time of Louis Pasteur) : a) Super natural theory of disease. Among unvaccinated persons, people living in a low-income community have increased risk for Hepatitis B infection because low-income communities have high levels of exposure to Hepatitis B. Contextual. The Theory of Triadic Influence was developed to: Organize all the various health behavior theories developed over the years. what is a disease? public health suggests that disease causation is a. complex development, involving a disease agent, a. human host and the environment (both social and. Historical views of causation Supernatural theory of disease causation (18 th Century) Miasma theory - disease due to 'bad air' or contamination from poor sanitation Disease as a result of punishment from God Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease …..It is thus with regard divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause . 3. There is an ongoing debate regarding how and when an agent's or determinant's impact can be interpreted as causation with respect to some target disease. Holistic concept • WHO definition of health: - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of a disease or infirmity. Causation. The data analysis may need to move from theory‐driven hypothesis testing focus to a theory‐free explanatory framework that aims to explain the causation of a large proportion of cases. From a systematic review of the literature, five categories can be delineated: production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic. The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek for "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.The theory held that epidemics were caused by miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Ecological system theory is also called Human Ecological Theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. ECOLOGICAL THEORY Around 463 BC, hippocrates is the first epidemiologist who advised to search the environment for the cause of the disease. From the Miasmic Theory to the Germ Theory of Disease. Multiple causation is addressed through the invocation of a "web of causation" [16],whichineffectis . c) The concept of contagion. theory was put forward by Hippocrates. Theories of disease causation: i. Page 1 Course Syllabus FALL 2014 NJIT: BIOL 368 (call number 90239) RU: 28:120:368 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Gareth J. Russell PHONE: 973 -353 1429 OFFICE: 435 Colton Hall EMAIL: russell@njit.edu OFFICE HOURS: T, R: 11:30am - 1:00pm COURSE SCHEDULE: T, R: 10 - 11:25am, FMH 307 @ NJIT INTRODUCTION: Ecology and Evolution of Disease addresses those aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology most Dever's Epidemiologic Model Germ theory According to this theory there is one single specific micro-organisms ( causative agent) to every diseases. theories of disease causation the theory of general susceptibility • some social group have higher mortality and morbidity rates from all causes • this reflects an imperfectly understood general susceptibility to health problems • this probably results from the complex interaction of the environment, behaviors and life-styles another major … • 1884 - causal relationship between microbe and disease • microorganism/ pathogen present in all cases of disease • can be isolated from host and grown in pure culture • pathogen can cause disease when inoculated into healthy subject • must be re-isolated from new host and shown to be same as original oculate From the Miasmic Theory to the Germ Theory of Disease. Strengths and weaknesses of these categories are examined in terms of proposed characteristics . Identifying the necessary and sufficient conditions for individuating and classifying diseases is a matter of great importance in the fields of law, ethics, epidemiology, and of course medicine. b) The theory of humors. THEORIES OF DISEASE CAUSATION INTRODUCTION 6. Causation of disease Natural history of disease Health status of populations Evaluating interventions Achievements in epidemiology Smallpox Methyl mercury poisoning Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease Iodine deficiency diseases Tobacco use, asbestos and lung cancer Hip fractures HIV/AIDS SARS Study questions References Snow was a physician in London. [ 7 ], who also stated that the TTI overcomes problems of terminology and understanding by incorporating levels of causation. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Ecological theory to enhance infectious disease control and public health policy. » M ltif t i l M d l (R th ' l i )Multifactorial Model (Rothman's causal pies) » Social-Ecological Model » Hi Mitl d (Wl HO)Holistic Model (W.H.O.) The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Biomedical concept - 2. Germs cause disease. Causation is an essential concept in epidemiology, yet there is no single, clearly articulated definition for the discipline. 5. The book is at its best as it moves fluidly through epochs in historical thought, sewing together themes—and pointing out inconsistencies—in theories of disease causation over the centuries. He claimed that the child development is affected by their surrounding environment. virus, coral diseases, and avian influenza, where these techniques were successfully applied. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. The TTI separates levels of causation from ecological domains by making them independent dimensions within each ecological domain. Multifactorial Causation Theory 4. 'Multiple causation' is the canon of contemporary epidemiology, and its metaphor and model is the 'web of causation.' First articulated in a 1960 U.S. epidemiology textbook, the 'web' remains a widely accepted but poorly elaborated model, reflecting in part the contemporary stress on epidemiologic methods over epidemiologic theories of disease causation. This finding is consistent to the description by Flay et al. Read more about Urie Bronfenbrenner Biography. may change as their members are replaced or altered. The third is social/ecological systems theory, which recognizes the multilevel dynamics and interdependencies of present/past, proximate/distal, and life course factors in disease causation.1, 2 In understanding how and why certain populations have a higher Aside health issues, a lot of other social problems have been diagnosed to understand the intricacies of their occurrence as well as how they can be eradicated from the The discoveries Journal. Multifactorial causation theory or web of causation. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. For infectious disease by a particular bacterium: //www.anhinternational.org/news/feature-the-two-elephants-they-want-us-to-ignore/ '' > Theories for social epidemiology in the was! ) Super natural theory of disease: //www.scribd.com/presentation/470662826/ANP-3-1Concepts-of-causation-of-diseases '' > ANP-3.1Concepts of causation?... 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