pathophysiology of hepatitis ppt

The propensity to cirrhosis and liver cancer is increased in alcoholics. Hepatitis A vaccine helps in preventing disease. Part two discusses the management of the virus. Transmission of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary (another person . Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection or a chronic (long-term) infection. NORMAL LIVER FUNCTION. TB is an airborne disease caused by the bacterium . . These viruses may cause acute hepatitis. Horizontal transmission of infectious communicable diseases. M. Perhaps causes mild disease, but may not; often associated with HCV or HBV Reported association with aggressive hepatitis may be in doubt May be implicated in a fulminant type of hepatitis Implicated in fulminant hepatitis associated with aplastic anaemia in children Implicated in fulminant and post-transfusion hepatitis Figure by MIT OCW. Hepatitis B. Liver biopsy with hematoxylin stain showing stage 4 fibrosis (ie, cirrhosis) in a patient with hepatitis B. What causes hepatitis? Introduction • Acute hepatitis- Inflammatory disorder of liver, usually associated with complete clinical & histological recovery within 4 to 6 weeks. Hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B can make an infected person very sick and they are risk factors for liver cancer, liver disease, liver failure, and liver damage. The number of reported acute hepatitis A cases decreased 95.5% overall from 1996 to 2011. 2. The viral genome is a partially double-stranded, circular DNA linked to a DNA . Causes of Disease. Abstract. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. It can cure with right medication. Chronic hepatitis B is a growing worldwide public health issue. May lead to portal - portal or portal - central fibrous bridging, culminating in cirrhosis, which is usually micronodular (nodules < 3 mm in diameter) or mixed . Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.Lauer and Walker reported that HCV is closely related to . (See also Liver Structure and Function. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are frequent causes of chronic hepatitis; 5 to 10% of cases of HBV infection, with or without hepatitis D Hepatitis D Hepatitis D is caused by a defective RNA virus (delta agent) that can replicate only in the presence of hepatitis B virus. 84. Hepatitis B and C are blood-borne infections, while hepatitis A is easier to catch, but less serious. Peak titers occur during the 2 weeks before onset of illness. [Medline] . Viral Hepatitis Pathophysiology . Despite its growing prevalence, hepatitis B is often undiagnosed. progress to chronic hepatitis. Researchers have discovered several different viruses. Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, et al. A nonspecific viral prodrome is followed by anorexia, nausea, and often fever or right upper quadrant pain. Hepatitis C. HCV Overview Hepatitis C: Why Study? It causes liver problems & it is curable but if detected at early stage. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. It can cause acute hepatitis with jaundice. About 15% of people infected with HAV will have prolonged illness or relapsing Hepatitis C virus (HCV) kills more Americans than the 60 other reportable infectious diseases, including HIV, combined. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Never offer the devil a ride.<br />He will always want to be in the driving seat…!<br />BK<br />. Differentiate between hepatitis B infection and other types of hepatitis, including symptoms, patient presentation, testing , and prevention. Hepatitis D is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Useful information about Hepatitis C| Hepatitis drugs Exporter/Supplier - Hepatitis C is the aggravation of the liver. Hepatitis B Virus (complete infectious virion) The 42 nm, double-shelled particle, that consists of a 7 nm thick outer shell and a 27 nm inner core. It produces bile which is utilized for fat . Viruses are responsible for hepatitis in which differ from one another in some ways to share several traits, First they generally infect only . Hepatitis B incidence has decreased through practices . infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). • Children most commonly caused by hepatotrophic viruses, followed by drugs & metabolic liver . Hepatitis D. Hepatitis D infects only patients already infected with hepatitis B, and it generally results in a flare of active hepatitis. Jaundice often develops, typically as other symptoms begin to resolve. It does not cause long term infection. The pathophysiology of ALF can be divided into cause-specific liver injury pathophysiologies and pathophysiology related to occurrence of secondary MOF. Pathophysiology. There are different types of hepatitis, with different causes: Viral hepatitis is the most common type. AFP is 27.9 ng/mL. Inflammation can damage organs. NIH external link. Your doctor may suggest blood tests and an ultrasound or another type of imaging test to check for liver cancer. It's to a greater extent an ailment that causes disease of the liver. Hepatitis in the Western Pacific. Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the HAV that can affect anyone. 1. Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, et al. HDV is known as a "satellite virus," because it can only infect people who are also infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Sharing personal belongings such as razors or toothbrush of an infected person can also cause Hepatitis B. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. Presents acutely. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis. To diagnose non-viral hepatitis, your doctor will ask you about any risk factors and symptoms you have. Hepatitis in Pregnancy The impact of pregnancy on the hepatitis The course of most viral infections is not affected by pregnancy To made the pathogenetic . It's to a greater extent an ailment that causes disease of the liver. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus infection. The infection can be acquired either simultaneously with HBV as a coinfection or . An in-depth understanding of viral hepatitis is important to the care of patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Hepatitis A is very contagious, and people can even spread the virus before they feel sick. Fibrosis. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Many different etiologies have been identified, with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose and viral hepatitis being the most common causes worldwide. <br />Fatigue: Progressing 2wk. The HCV lifecycle is only partly understood owing to the lack of a productive cell culture system. Hepatic causes of jaundice Conjugated causes: o Cirrhosis (see chronic liver disease for further causes) o Malignancy Primary or metastases o Viral hepatitis o Drugs Hepatitis Isoniazid, rifampicin, atenolol, enalapril, verapamil, nifedipine, amiodarone, ketoconazole, cytotoxics, halothane Cholestasis HBV, a member of the Hepadnaviridae family, is a small DNA virus with unusual features similar to retroviruses. Prof. J. Plevkova MD, PhD, - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 6e5b44-NTkwN Pathophysiology - Liver alterations: • Hepatic cell scarring, fibrosis, and necrosis • Mononuclear phagocytic infiltration • Kupffer cell hyperplasia . Annual incidence of new cases is decreasing: from . Presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is associated with an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma regardless of serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Hepatitis B: prevalence and pathophysiology. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Pathophysiology of Hepatitis. - Rarely causes fulminant hepatitis • Produces an acute lobular hepatitis +/-cholestasis • Does . Many of the high-incidence states began . In some instances hepatitis results from an autoimmune reaction. Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver that results from a variety of causes, both infectious and noninfectious. Progressive fibrosis of limiting plate leads to enlargement of portal tracts and stellate periportal fibrous extension. [Medline] . The severity of infection relates to the immune system's ability to clear the virus. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million people worldwide. The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. 1. Hepatitis A, B, and C: Learn the Differences S:\handouts\Clinical\Hepatitis A, B, and C Learn the Differences.doc 3/2009 Page 2 of 3 Incubation period: 15 to 50 days There is no chronic (long-term) infection. Ultrasound shows a small liver with a 2.1 cm alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can . It is commonly the result of a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and parasites. It is a major public health issue in the United States and worldwide. Lauer and Walker reported that HCV is closely related to hepatitis G, dengue, and yellow fever viruses. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. [ 13] This causes nausea, sweating, vomiting, pain in your upper abdomen or coma. Hepatitis A can be spread from close, personal contact with an infected person, such as through having sex, caring for someone who is ill, or using drugs with others. 2. Useful information about Hepatitis C| Hepatitis drugs Exporter/Supplier - Hepatitis C is the aggravation of the liver. It is located under the right diaphragm and is divided into right and left lobes. Baby boomers (born between 1945 and 1965), especially African Americans, face high burdens of chronic HCV infection. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. HEPATITIS A (Hep A) A highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). If any are positive, further serologic testing may be necessary to differentiate acute from past or chronic infection (see tables Hepatitis A Serology Hepatitis A Serology Hepatitis A is caused by an enterically transmitted RNA virus that, in older children and adults, causes typical symptoms of viral hepatitis, including anorexia, malaise, and . If clearance is delayed, a chronic persistent hepatitis can occur. Pale stools because of liver dysfunction. Animated Mnemonics (Picmonic): https://www.picmonic.com/viphookup/medicosis/ - With Picmonic, get your life back by studying less and remembering more. If chronic hepatitis C causes severe liver damage or cirrhosis before you receive hepatitis C treatment, you will continue to have an increased chance of liver cancer even after treatment. Eating contaminated food or drink. It can cure with right medication. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS Characteristics of HSV DNA double stranded virus, linear 125-250 Kb long, relatively big Enveloped Virion size 200 nm, relatively big 9 HSVs, Ex. Summarize the impact of liver disease caused by chronic hepatitis B infection on global public . His wife has asked him to consult you as his eyes look a bit yellow'. Prior to 1992, blood transfusion was a risk for contracting hepatitis C infection. Once you have had hepatitis A you cannot get it again. Noninfectious causes include certain drugs and toxic agents. 338 (5):286-90. Dose - limiting cytopenias (platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells) or severe side effects can result in discontinuation of treatment. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. As part of the evaluation, you order laboratories which show a platelet count of 72 K/uL, serum bilirubin of 1.2 mg/dL, albumin of 3.7 g/dL. 3 HBV • 350-400 million people worldwide have chronic HBV; 75% in Asia and western Pacific • 1.25 million Hep B carriers in US - HBsAg positive > 6 months 15-40% will develop serious sequelae Increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) • Chronic HBV causes 1 million deaths worldwide - chief cause of cirrhosis and HCC Wells, J and Perrillo R. Hepatitis B . Caroline Derrick, PharmD, BCPS: Thank you. H epatitis B virus (HBV) is an immense global public health problem, with more than two It occurs uncommonly as a coinfection with acute hepatitis B or as. 2. Identifying causes of disease and the mechanisms by which they spread remains a primary focus of epidemiology . Describe the pathophysiology of the hepatitis B virus, including transmission and virus replication. Liver Structure and Function The liver is a metabolically complex organ. A liver biopsy also can help to check for other disorders, such as alcoholic liver injury or fatty liver. Chronic infection occurs in 50-80% of cases and eventually leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis A • Can present with anorexia, nausea, and jaundice - Occasionally subclinical • Typically a benign, self-limited disease. 6. These include autoimmune hepatitis and . Hepatitis Pathophysiology & Disease Process (Diagram) Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a viral infection.Inflammation is the body's response to injury or irritation. Hepatitis C is an RNA virus that we now know is completely curable, which is very exciting. He or she will then perform a physical exam and may order tests, such as: Imaging tests: ultrasound, MRI or CT scans • In recent decades, viral hepatitis has not Approximately 1 000 000 people die each year (~2.7% of all deaths) from causes related to viral hepatitis, most commonly liver disease, including liver cancer.1 • An estimated 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis 1. 1998 Jan 29. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus, highly resistant to extremes of temperature and humidity, that invades the hepatocytes. INTRODUCTION. 3. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia. This article discusses its spread, life cycle and prevention, and groups at high risk of infection. Varicella, EBV, CMV Diseases: Chickenbox, Mononucleosis, Hepatitis, Encephalitis Recurrent eye, mouth and genital lesions Herpes Virus and Common Diseases Everybody knows chickenpox and likely you experienced the disease as a . Jaundice becomes visible when the bilirubin level is about 2 to 3 mg/dL (34 to 51 micromol/L). 338 (5):286-90. Useful information about Hepatitis C| Hepatitis drugs Exporter/Supplier - Hepatitis C is the aggravation of the liver. HDV infection can be acute or lead to chronic, long-term illness. 2<br />CPC 4.2.2<br />George, 62 year old farmer from Tully, presents to his GP with fatigue. • Most liver damage is caused by 3 hepatitis viruses, called hepatitis A, B and C. However, hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol and some other toxins and infections, as well as from our own autoimmune process (the body attacks itself). Anatomy and Physiology. Direct effect of HCV on hepatocytes. There are six strains of viruses that cause hepatitis. HEPATITIS By Dr Robin Thomas Resident in Pediatrics JJMMC, Davangere. 21. It's to a greater extent an ailment that causes disease of the liver. Hepatitis A virus is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus of the enterovirus family. Several molecules have bee … Using your learning guide and information in book and PPT's, in one paragraph, describe the causes of hepatitis - including the viral and other reasons. Not only does viral hepatitis carry a high morbidity, but it also stresses medical resources and can have severe economic consequences. Viral Hepatitis. World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. CONCLUSION Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other signs and symptoms of hepatitis A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis It causes liver problems & it is curable but if detected at early stage. Viral Hepatitis Made Simple - Pathology , Clinical features & ClassificationsAll Refrences from Harrisons Principles of Internal MedicineBUY HERE : https://g. CHAPTER 32 - GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION 1. This information helps to determine the best treatment and to assess your risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure. Hepatitis symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, weakness, tiredness, and abdominal pain. pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis B, as well as recommendations for screening high-risk groups and immunisation against the disease. Getting a non-viral hepatitis diagnosis. Other types can cause both acute and chronic infections. It can cure with right medication. The virus most commonly spreads when you eat or drink something contaminated with fecal matter, even just tiny amounts. Acute hepatitis lasts under six months, while chronic hepatitis lasts longer. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.Lauer and Walker reported that HCV is closely related to . The virus is transmitted through contact with blood and bodily fluids that contain blood. The liver weighs approximately 1.2 to 1.6 kg and is the largest organ in the body. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for "Best PowerPoint Templates" from Presentations Magazine. Hepatitis B. Also cause acute liver failure. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. HAV is acquired by mouth (through fecal-oral transmission) and replicates in the liver. according to National Health and Nutrition examination Survey (NHANES III) 2.7 million have chronic HCV (HCV RNA detected in serum) Worldwide, 170 million infected with HCV (3% of pop.) PowerPoint Presentation Last modified by: It causes liver problems & it is curable but if detected at early stage. Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers. 07 February, 2014. Its prevalence and the mode of . Hepatitis A rates have been declining since vaccination initiation in 1996 and were less than 1 case per 100,000 until increases occurred due to widespread outbreaks among persons reporting drug use and homelessness. Learn about different types, causes, and treatments. Hepatitis B. Caroline, can you go through the difference between acute and chronic infection and what the parameters are? Global Progress Report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021- Data slides New cases of four curable STIs among adults (15-49 years old) per year, by sex, global, 2020 New cases of HIV, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C virus infection per year, by sex, global, 2019-2020 Source: WHO, 2021. • Hepatitis B, C and D are typically caused by contact with contaminated blood or body fluids • In particular viral hepatitis types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer • About 1 million people die each year from causes related to viral . Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Required for pathologic diagnosis of chronic hepatitis. HBV replicates through an RNA intermediate and can integrate into the host genome. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC FAILURE Assoc. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. yeast infection, hepatitis B, C, rabies. It is an infectious disease caused by an infection with the Hepatitis B virus. Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction "Viral hepatitis," refers to infections that affect the liver and are caused by viruses. The core contains a small, circular, partially double-stranded DNA molecule and an endogenous DNA polymerase. Cirrhosis due to hepatitis C is a little more difficult because the side effects of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy are oftentimes difficult to manage in patients with cirrhosis. The liver is one of many organs that aids in digestion and nutrition. A 53 year old man with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C presents to your office for evaluation and consideration of treatment. After 10-12 days, the virus is present in blood and is excreted via the biliary system into the feces. Introduction. Some types of hepatitis cause only acute infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people worldwide and is a common cause of liver disease and liver cancer. 1. not. It is generally acknowledged that the humoral antibody response contributes to the clearance of circulating virus particles and the prevention of viral spread within the host while the cellular immune response eliminates infected cells. Most common chronic blood-borne infection in the USA 3.9 million Americans infected with HCV (1.8% of pop.) 1998 Jan 29. Liver cirrhosis is the final common pathological pathway of liver damage arising from a wide variety of chronic liver diseases[1-3].The etiology of cirrhosis varies geographically, with alcoholism, chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and nonalcoholic fatty lives disease (NAFLD) being the most common causes in western countries[4-6], whereas chronic hepatitis B is the primary . Viral hepatitis refers to hepatitis caused by a few specific viruses that primarily attack the liver. Chapter 2: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Hepatitis is a fairly common disease that mainly affects the liver. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that attacks liver cells and can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis scarring) or cancer of the liver. Hepatitis, a general term referring to inflammation of the liver, may result from various causes, both infectious (ie, viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms) and noninfectious (eg, alcohol, drugs, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic diseases); this article focuses on viral hepatitis, which accounts for more than 50% of cases of acute hepatitis in the United States, primarily in the . RW14PATH 222 W12 CMB Prototype drug: hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax) Mechanism of action: vaccine, to provide active immunity Primary use: individuals who are at risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus Adverse effects: pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue, potential for hypersensitivity (urticaria or anaphylaxis . Hepatitis C - an RNA virus that may cause chronic infection in 80% of patients and cirrhosis in 15% of patients. It is contracted through flat tired wounds, contact with blood, saliva, fluids of an infectious body. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a potential complication even in the absence of cirrhosis. Christian B. Ramers, MD, MPH, AAHIVS: Let's get into the pathophysiology. Both hepatitis B and C viruses are acquired through hematogenous spread and can lead to horizontal transmission. Incubation period is 3-5 weeks with an average of 28 days. This is the prototype agent for the family epadnaviridae. 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